Macbeth as a Tragic Hero in Willian Shakespeares Macbeth

Macbeth as a Tragic Hero in Willian Shakespeares Macbeth Two and a half thousand years ago, Aristotle defined a tragedy as an imitation of an action that is serious, complete and of a certain magnitude. Two thousand years later, Shakespeare reincarnated this and other classical principles in the form of his four great tragedies; Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth. Aristotle laid down some elements which he and other classical theorists seemed to think necessary in a tragedy. In Macbeth some of these elements have been used, some have been reworked and some have been totally disregarded. These rules which Shakespeare didnt always think appropriate or indeed practical to use in his more†¦show more content†¦This revelation is very powerful because it turns Macbeth, who was arrogantly oblivious, into a frightened, overwhelmed man. It makes him human again because he had become a cold-blooded, ruthless monster. A classical tragedy is usually a straight-down, unrelenting spiral leading to the death of the tragic hero. Ancient tragedies usually begin with the hero at the pinnacle of his success, and then things just get progressively worse, until the hero dies. In Macbeth, there is a build up to Macbeth reaching the high social status of King. He goes up before he starts to tumble down, at least with regards to his social standing. If, however, you look at it from the point of view of his morality and his mental and emotional welfare, he definitely starts at the top and then begins his fall from grace. I think Shakespeare uses this very cleverly because in this respect, the more important aspect of Macbeth, there is a vertical drop to destruction, so he is keeping to the classical principle, but he is still able to build Macbeth up in terms of his social rank. This amplifies the effect of the downfall when it comes. Before we can analyse Macbeth as a tragic hero we must define what a tragic hero is. Traditionally, a tragic hero is defined by five fundamental points. He is of high social status; a king, or of royal blood, or highly respected

How Personality Testing Is Used On A Daily Basis - 822 Words

Personality testing is used on a daily basis in all areas of psychology. These tests evaluate and measure traits, values, attitudes, personal identity, and many more aspects of an individual’s personality (Cohen, Swerdlik, Sturman, 2013). Such assessments as the Thematic Apperception Test, Neuroticism, Extroversion, and Openness inventory and the Psychopathic Personality Inventory are instruments, which assist the psychologist in assessing an individual’s personality. The following paper will discuss each of these tests. Thematic Apperception Test Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a personality assessment instrument. Created in 1935 by Henry Murray and Christiana Morgan the purpose of the test is to reveal the participants emotions, drives, personality conflicts, personality complexes, and sentiment (Swartz, 1978). The original format of the TAT test can still be found. Psychological testing allows the researcher to collect comprehensive information, which is necessary to formulate an appropriate treatment plan (Verdon et al., 2014). The following section will review the TAT assessment, and its relevance to the field of psychology. Test Purpose and Procedures The 1978 Review of the Tat completed by Jon Swartz evaluated the internal integrity of the test. TAT is an assessment, which utilizes pictures and storytelling abilities. The participant is shown one of 20 pictures and asked to use his/her imagination to derive a story about the portrayed charactersShow MoreRelatedThe Best Means Of Hiring And Testing New Employees1454 Words   |  6 Pagesare commonly used in a day to day basis but have proven to be inadequate for consistently selecting good employees. When it comes to hiring and selecting you want to use productive tools to help determine the best decision possible. Using the incorrect tools to hire and test potential candidates causes employee turnover and retention. Companies need to understand what pre-employment assessments are and why they are effective. I will be discussing the best means of hiring and testing new employeesRead MoreThe Test Of Personality Assessments1732 Words   |  7 Pages T here are a number of personality assessments available for clinicians to implement with the same intended purpose- to obtain a deeper understanding of an individual’s personality. Whether the answers to the questions are self-reported by the individual taking the assessment, or recorded by the clinician, the answers themselves are not what is most important. 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Most of today’s modern technology such as electricity, cars, and even television were based on a series of experiments. Humans are known to be curious and want to understand how and why things were or happen. This curiosity extends to wanting to know how we act, feel, and understand things. Performing testsRead MoreAdvantages and Disadvantages of Projective Tests1137 Words   |  5 Pagesreliability in your answer.   As part of the ability tests, which measure what we have learned and our ability to learn new things, Projective tests are used to deduce a persons feelings, needs and motive on the basis of a persons interpretation of ambiguous stimuli, which consists of pictures, patterns and stories. The commonly used projective tests are the Roschach Inkblot Test in which the test taker must describe what he or she thinks the image is. Another test is the Thematic ApperceptionRead MoreA Reflection On The Classroom Essay1640 Words   |  7 Pagesbe in an independent testing environment. This desk set up aligns with my teaching style and personality because of the inclusive environment, which encourages collectivistic learning. I also think it is important personally to have an open space plan to know where all students are located in the classroom. I would however add a break space in the classroom with re-centering tools, especially for students who struggle to leave the classroom for breaks. Artifact B: Copy of daily schedule The rationalRead MoreAssessment Is A Large Part Of Every Classroom969 Words   |  4 Pages Teachers need to be cognizant of their students, and assessments provide the means to understand students better. I have used many different assessments. A primary focus of mine is making sure students have the best opportunity to show they have learned. Students with test anxiety may not be able to show me how much they learned in the way a project could. On a daily basis, I use informal assessments. There are as simple as asking students to explain a concept just discussed, asking for an exitRead MoreOur Modern Educational System Creates An Environment Essay1324 Words   |  6 Pagesin my life as I am a student. These issues are very important for everyone currently in the system. High school students are specifically affected because that is where racism and test scores are the most relevant; they need to be informed on how their daily school life is being impaired. Spotlighting The Issues Racism is a very prevalent problem in the education system. When I say racism, I don’t necessarily mean children bullying one another; I define racism as a lack of funding and supportRead MoreIntroducing The Problems Of The American School System Essay1327 Words   |  6 Pagesin my life as I am a student. These issues are very important for everyone currently in the system. High school students are specifically affected because that is where racism and test scores are the most relevant; they need to be informed on how their daily school life is being impaired. Spotlighting The Issues Racism is a very prevalent problem in the education system. When I say racism, I don’t necessarily mean children bullying one another; I define racism as a lack of funding and supportRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease And Dementia1329 Words   |  6 Pagesin the US, causing more fatalities than breast and prostate cancer patients combined. With that being said, how many commercials have you seen about Alzheimer’s awareness? How many 5k’s and walk-a-thons have you seen advertised opposed to cancer awareness? My purpose with this paper is to shed light on Alzheimer’s and dementia disease and help those reading to have to better understanding how the disease works to better educate those around us when opportunity presents itself. So what’s the difference

Performance and Reward Management Free Essays

Performance Management is the strategic and integrated process that works towards the sustained success of organisations by improving the performance of the people who work in them and by developing the capabilities of individual contributors and teams. Reward Management entails the strategies, policies and processes required to ensure that the contribution of people to the organisation is recognised by both financial (bonuses) and non financial (recognition) means. Reward Management is about the design, implementation and maintenance of reward systems, which aim to meet the needs of both the organisation and its stakeholders. We will write a custom essay sample on Performance and Reward Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now The overall objective is to reward people fairly, equitably and consistently. The main focus of this paper would be the high remunerations of directors. According to the Companies Acts 1985 and 2006, a director is defined as â€Å"any person occupying the position of director by whatever name called† – directors are often referred to as company’s officers. There are many different types of directors: †¢Managing Director/ Chief Executive Officer (C. E. O) The managing director/ chief executive officer is responsible for the implementation of strategic plans and policies which have been established by the board of directors.The director takes part and makes decisions in the day to day running of business. †¢Non-Executive Directors Non executive directors are not involved in the day to day running of an organisation but assists in the strategic decision making process that is important to the company’s development. †¢Shadow Directors These are persons who provide instructions and directions and have the capacity to influence the whole board and therefore the appointed directors’ act upon their instructions. †¢De Facto Directors A de facto director performs the functions of a director but has not been officially appointed.A de facto director is a part of the company’s governing structure and engages in the management of the company. The de facto director must submit to the companies act and the dut ies. In recent years, directors and senior executives have come under close scrutiny for their high salaries. The topic has become highly emotive and increasingly controversial with director’s salaries being branded as ‘fat cat’ salaries. Questions are frequently asked on the level of pay and the basis upon which pay decisions are made.Many see it as a reward of failure culture going against the objectives of reward management to reward all fairly, equitably and consistently; and are questioning if director’s salaries are linked to the level of performance given. This paper’s main focus will be the remuneration of directors, as stated above, and aims to show that there is in fact some justification for the high level of pay given to directors. Role of Directors versus Average Employee Directors of companies operate at the strategic level while average employees operate at the operational level.The roles of the director and the average employee are vastly different not to mention the level of risk a director’s job entails. The table below shows the responsibilities and duties of the director and that of the average employee. DIRECTORSAVERAGE EMPLOYEES General duties:- A director of a company must †¢Act in accordance with the company’s constitution. †¢Only exercise powers for purposes of which they are conferred. †¢A director must exercise independent judgement, however in a way authorised by the company’s constitution. General duties:-These are in accordance to the job title held by that person. Fiduciary duties:- According to the law, a director of a company must act in the way he considers, in good faith would be most likely to promote the success of the company for the benefit of its members as a whole and in doing so have regard (amongst other matters) to: †¢The likely consequences of any decision on the long term; †¢The interests of the company’s employees; †¢The need to foster the company’s business relationships with suppliers, customers and others; †¢The impact of the company’s operations on the ommunity and the environment; †¢The desirability of the company maintaining a reputation for high standards of business conduct; and †¢The need to act fairly between members of the company. Elements of Directors and Senior Executives’ Remuneration Packages In order to create a clear bonus scheme, it is essential that targets are outlined and rewards are set at a level that is achievable. The table below shows the ways in which directors are paid. Basic Pay This is largely subjected to market worth and approval by the remuneration committee.It can be adjusted if there are market changes or substantial success in company performance. Bonus Schemes Over 90% of United Kingdom firms give bonus schemes to directors and executives as cash sums by measuring company performance, individual performance and in some cases bonuses can go up to 90% of one’s basic salary. These are however, short term rewards. Long term rewards tend to take the form of share ownership. Deferred Bonus Schemes This is where payment is converted into shares and rewards for performance and loyalty to the company are given consideration. Practical and Theoretical Problems with Director’s Remuneration This section will discuss the ‘fat cat’ remuneration of directors in relation to a number of theoretical models of pay and performance. Adams (1963) put forward the equity theory, which states that there should be equal treatment for all in the organisation so that workers will feel a level of fairness, and will be motivated to work towards existing goals since once the relevant performance level has been achieved the reward will be given.In the case of directors remuneration there exists inequity since directors operate at the strategic level they are paid more. Agency theory sees the remuneration contract as one way to ensure that the directors act in the shareholders’ interests. Accordingly, contracts are devised to include an element of performance-related pay, with the performance measure(s) being set so as to coincide with the shareholders’ needs. Agency theory reflects the behavio ur of Man as an individual. Other economic theories use market forces as their explanation of directors’ pay. Proponents of labour market theory (Gomez-Mejia and Wiseman, 1997; Finkelstein and Hambrick, 1996) argue that directors’ pay can be explained in terms of the supply of and demand for top executives. Ezzamel and Watson (1998) refer to the need to pay the ‘going rate’ to executives, in order to motivate and retain them. An alternative economic explanation, human capital theory (Agarwal, 1981; Finkelstein and Hambrick, 1996) would be that the amount paid to a director reflects also the qualities that s/he brings to the job – age, education, qualifications, tenure, etc.However, the main explanation that relates to the individual is equity theory. This is a motivational theory, proponents of which (Adams, 1963; Miller, 1995) argue that employees consider the ratio of their inputs (how hard they work) to their outputs (how much they get paid) and then compare that ratio to a referent, for example another employee, or an individual in another, similar company. Sho uld they conclude from this comparison that they are treated more or less favourably than others, equity theory asserts that they will respond by raising or lowering their work efforts, in order to re-establish equity.The contingency theory claims that there is no best way to organise a corporation, to lead a company, or to make decisions. Instead, the optional course of action is contingent (dependent) upon the internal and external situation. Several contingency approaches were developed concurrently in the late 1960s. Proponents of contingency theory (Balkin and Gomez-Mejia, 1987; Barkema and Gomez-Mejia, 1998; Finkelstein and Boyd, 1998) argue that for companies to be effective in realising their intended strategies there has to be an alignment of the strategy and the company and the environment in which it operates.In terms of remuneration, this suggests that remuneration policies for directors should reflect the company’s overall strategy. If they do not, the lack of fit is likely to impede the effective implementation of strategy. Tournament theory suggests that agents compete against one another for higher positions in a series of sequential elimination tournaments in the tournament hierarchy. In relation to executive remuneration, executives will compete against one another at respective organisational levels. In relative terms, high-performance executives will be promoted to the next level, where the next round of competition begins. The more competitors there are for a higher position, the higher the prize is likely to be. The process of identifying and promoting relatively high performers is repeated at all but the top level, thereby allowing organisations to identify the best talent for the higher levels. Executives who do not advance within the organisation will find their prospects for promotion adversely affected.Conversely, winning a tournament improves the executive’s career advancement potential, as there is the opportunity to progress further in the tournaments and earn higher pay. However, as executives move into higher levels, the opportunity to be rewarded more options decreases. In agency theory terms, principals have to provide for lost option value in order to obtain at least the same level of performance as the level from which the executive was promoted. Current and emerging trends for Directors Remuneration This section will discuss the trends of executive pay in a number of countries. The Netherlands New Dutch legislation on equity-based compensation came into force on 1 January 2009, aimed primarily at carried interest held by private-equity house managers and employees participating in private-equity backed companies. Under the legislation, certain ‘lucrative shares’ and ‘excessive remuneration’, resulting in a yield disproportionate to the capital invested, is potentially taxable at progressive rates of up to 52 percent. †¢Canada Additional executive compensation disclosure requirements apply in Canada with effect for financial years ending on or after 31 December 2008.The new reporting requirements are more extensive than the previous rules. Issuers are not, however, required to provide comparative data for periods ending before 31 December 2008. Higher levels of disclosure of information are ens uring that there is a high level of transparency and that codes of best practice are adopted. These restrictions have relegated the powers of powers of directors so that they don’t abuse them and that their remuneration is set within the governing laws and approaches used to decide on the right amount of remuneration. ConclusionThough directors pay has garnered explosive attention many laws and regulations have been put in place to regularise the power and remuneration of directors by increasing the overall compliance of the laws that have been changed and improved. There has now been an increased level of accountability for directors for the transparency and disclosure of pertinent information to all shareholders. Finally, there is now linkage of directors’ performance to pay. With these stipulations in place it can be justified that directors salaries cannot be deemed ‘fat cat’ and are fair and just. How to cite Performance and Reward Management, Papers

The Human Rights Issue of Guantanamo Bay Essay Example For Students

The Human Rights Issue of Guantanamo Bay Essay Human rights are those rights that all persons inherently possess. These rights are protected by various legal principals such as the rule of law and ensure the dignity of all people. Various organisations such as the United Nations attempt to ensure that all nations adhere to human rights laws. However, human rights are being violated by countries all around the world, even by countries such as the United States who have the national strategy America must stand firmly for the non negotiable demands of human dignity . The United States have been breaching international covenants and conventions on human rights with their terrorist detention camp at Guantanamo Bay. The United States, however, acts according to the laws it defines for itself . It is entitled to do so as it is a sovereign state. Guantanamo Bay is an American Navel base used to permanently incapacitate approximately 660 detainees from 40 nations, including children. Because the base is located on Cuban territory the prisoners are not protected by the American constitution or judiciary it is the obligation of the Judicial Branch to ensure the preservation of our constitutional values . These prisoners are held at the detention center in legal limbo, with no access to lawyers or families . The prisoners are kept isolated for 24 hours a day, little outdoor exercise time and no interaction with other prisoners. The inmates are interrogated for hours at a time and it is commonly speculated subject to torture. The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is the only non government organisation allowed access to the prisoners. The ICRC is worried about the psychological impact that the prison is inflicting on inmates. A photograph released by the Pentagon shows inmates kneeling before soldiers, hands and ankles cuffed with masks completely covering their faces. The photograph has become an icon of unacceptable US exceptionalism . Sayed Abbasin, once an inmate of the Guantanamo bay detention center described the experience it was the act of an animal to treat a human being like that . The United States government authorised military commissions to hand down the death penalty for detainees of Guantanamo Bay. Against the verdicts the prisoners have no right to appeal, which is a requirement of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The defendant has no say in any legal matters, even to who defends him in court. The commissions are also allowing a lower standard of proof as to allow for evidence obtained through coercion to be admissible. These commissions themselves violate the principles of natural justice and the separation of the judiciary, all of which contradict the rule of law. The United States government cannot create unfair commissions administered by the executive, with the power to hand down death sentences to suit their current requirements. Lord Steyn, a leading judge from the United Kingdom has stated that these commissions would be a stain on United States Justice . The situation at Guantanamo Bay directly violates various international treaties and covenants including the Geneva Convention and the ICCPR. On January 11 2002 Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld outlined the stance the United States would be taking in regards to the terrorists detained at Guantanamo Bay. The United States have labeled the prisoners at Guantanamo Bay unlawful combatants and that therefore the Geneva Convention does not protect these individuals. Jamie Fellner director of Human Rights Watch states that as America is party to the Geneva Convention they are required to treat all combatants equally and humanely. The Geneva Convention is also violated simply through the authorisation of these military commissions under the convention all captured fighters regardless if they are members of an adversary states armed forces or are part of an identifiable militia group are to be tried under the same laws and courts as the detaining countrys armed forces. .ucb9208321256e83a77a142654769bcb8 , .ucb9208321256e83a77a142654769bcb8 .postImageUrl , .ucb9208321256e83a77a142654769bcb8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucb9208321256e83a77a142654769bcb8 , .ucb9208321256e83a77a142654769bcb8:hover , .ucb9208321256e83a77a142654769bcb8:visited , .ucb9208321256e83a77a142654769bcb8:active { border:0!important; } .ucb9208321256e83a77a142654769bcb8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucb9208321256e83a77a142654769bcb8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucb9208321256e83a77a142654769bcb8:active , .ucb9208321256e83a77a142654769bcb8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucb9208321256e83a77a142654769bcb8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucb9208321256e83a77a142654769bcb8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucb9208321256e83a77a142654769bcb8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucb9208321256e83a77a142654769bcb8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucb9208321256e83a77a142654769bcb8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucb9208321256e83a77a142654769bcb8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucb9208321256e83a77a142654769bcb8 .ucb9208321256e83a77a142654769bcb8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucb9208321256e83a77a142654769bcb8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Remembering My Grandpa Essay Therefore these military commissions not only violate the Geneva Convention but also the rule of law in the fact that they were architected with the purpose of dealing with inmates at Guantanamo Bay, and have never applied to American soldiers. Human rights violations are allowed to occur because the international community is incapable of punishing or enforcing violations. .